九， 举例、异同、例外 (401-480)

401. To illustrate this, we take temperature for example.

为了说明问题，我们举温度为例。

402. (This operation can be applicable to very small-scale weather modification.) A good example is the prevention of local frost damage to a garden or orchard by heating.

（这种操作可适用于很小规模的人工影响天气）这方面严格成功的例子是通过加热防止花园和果园的局地霜冻。

403. The wheel and axle is really a sort of lever. An example of such a machine is the device used in old-fashioned wells to hoist up the water bucket.

轮轴实际上是一种杠杆。在老式水井中用来提上水桶的装置就是这类机械的一个例子。

404. The excess of water vapor condenses into visible moisture. Steam over a hot cup is an example.

过量的水汽凝结成可见的水雾，热水杯冒出的雾气即是一例。

405. As an example, we calculated the monthly mean temperature for January’s over the period of 1930-1970 for the station.

作为例子，我们计算了这个台站1930—1970年一月份的平均温度。

406. As a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.

我们可举果园中防霜作为说明对天气的物理过程进行小尺度人工影响的例子。

407. A water wheel, turned by water flowing over a weir, furnishes a good example of potential energy being turned into useful mechanical energy.

由流水过坝转动的水轮提供一个说明位能正在转变成有用的机械能的例子。

408. A city electric-power plant affords an illustration of complicated transformations of energy.

城市发电厂提供了说明能量转换复杂关系的例子。

409. When, for instance, we hit a nail with a hammer, we expect the nail to move.

比如，当我们用锤子敲打钉子时，我们可预知钉子要移动。

410. Here, synoptic-scale events appear to possess a completely different character to those of, for example, the western Pacific.

这里天气尺度事件看来具有与别处（例如西太平洋）的天气尺度事件完全不同的性质。

411. On an ordinary window, which measures say 3.0 ft by 6.0 ft, the force exerted by air is 19 tons.

对于一个普通窗户（量起来比如说3英尺×6英尺）空气施加压力是19吨。

412. The rate of evaporation depends on the material and such factors as the temperature, the surface area, amount of ventilation, and the pressure exerted on the surface.

蒸发速率取决于材料及诸如温度、蒸发面积、通风量和施加在此蒸发面上的压力等因素。

413. More limited models have developed by Leovy (1964), Harwood (1968) and Holton (1980a) among others.

限制较严的模式由一些学者研制了出来，其中特别是Leovy (1964), Harwood (1968)和Holton (1980a)。

414. The pilot, the farmer, the road builder, to name but a few, find it necessary to get information on weather from meteorologists.

飞行员、农民、筑路工人（仅举这几个为例）都从气象人员那里获得天气情报。

415. Special networks such as operate over the western plains of the United State during the tornado season, furnish additional information about occurrence of severe local weather.

专门台站网（例如在陆龙卷风发生季节在美国西部平原工作的台站网）可对恶劣天气是否出现提供新的情报。

416. The research group has made investigation of all the events such as occurred in the winter of 1982 over the Pacific.

这一研究小组已对这些事件作了研究，例如1982年冬发生在太平洋上的。

417. The resulting standing wave is a swirling motions such as might result if we swirled water in a round-bottomed cup.

所产生的驻波是一种旋转运动，它是在我们转动圆底杯中的水时会产生的现象。

418. Some reviewers suggest other interpretations such that when A (t) has become small, the essential sudden warming have already occurred.

有些评述者提出另一些解释，如当A(t)变得小时，实际突然增暖早已发生。

419. At higher levels the pressure field has a much simpler structure, exemplified by the solution at 6.5 km.

在高空气压场结构却远为简单，例子见6.5公里高度上的解。

420. Examples of such studies include those of Smith (1987) for individual surface and Oke (1989) for urban canopy system.

这类研究的例子包括个别地面上的（如Smith,1987）和城市中一些林木系统（如Oke,1989）中的小气候状况。

421. One is the change of the basic-state parameters (e.g., the zonal wind field); the other is existence, in the real atmosphere, of instabilities not described in our model, like for instance, baroclinic instability.

一个是基态参数（例如纬向风场）的变化；另一个在实际大气存在的不稳定（此模式未予涉及），例如斜压不稳定。

422. In some situation, however, as in the description of the motion of a pendulum, direct application of the laws of motion would require complicated calculation.

然而在某些情况下，例如在描述摆的运动时，（如果）直接运用运动规律（就会）需要复杂的计算。

423. Near small river, as along the Oregon coast, upwelling can occur when winds move the low-salinity surface layer seaward and the cold, upwelled waters underneath are exposed.

靠近小河口地区，如俄勒冈州海岸，当风把低盐度的表层水向海洋方向吹时，涌升现象就会出现。这时，下面寒冷的、涌升上来的海水就暴露了出来。

424. A change of phase, however, is a more fundamental change of Physical form, as from a liquid to a vapor, or a change from one crystalline form to another.

然而，相位的变化是指物理形态的更为基本的变化，如从液体变为气体，或从一种晶体变为另一种晶体。

425. In the book there are various pictures, as of the internal combustion engine.

在该书中有许多照片，如内燃机照片。

426. A balloon will burst as when it goes up high into the air.

气球会爆炸，如当它升入高空时。

427. Some measurements are direct, as when we find the length of a table by placing a yard or meter scale beside it.

有些测量是直接的，例如当我们求一张桌子的长度时是通过把码尺或米尺放到桌边量出来的。

428. Many of them have more than one solid states, as in the case of phosphorus, which is known in three solid phase: black, more familiar red and yellow forms.

其中许多种物质不止一种固态，例如磷，人们已知有散装固体相：黑色和人们比较熟悉的红色和黄色的形态。

429. Light, like any material body, requires some, though very little, time to cover this distance.

光象任何物质一样，需要一定的不过是很短的时间才能走过这段距离。

430. Like wind waves, tsunamis eventually encounter the coast, often with catastrophic results due to their great speed and height.

象风引起的波浪一样，海啸最终冲到海岸。由于它们的巨大速度和高度常常带来灾难性的后果。

431. This dynamic approach, like the equilibrium theory, also requires some assumption in order to deal with the complicated interactions.

为了研究这些复杂的相互作用问题，这种动力学方法象平衡理论一样也需要某种假设。

432. For any of these stars, like for the sun and moon, astronomers are able to find out its exact position in the universe.

对这些星球中任何一颗，就象对于太阳和月亮一样，天文学家能够求出其在宇宙中的精确位置。

433. The monitor, as defined so far, is similar in many respects to the critical region.

监控程序，就象到目前为止所定义的，在许多方面与临界区是相似的。

434. As shown in the table, a scattered sky is the same as partly cloudy and broken sky is identical with a cloudy one.

如表所示，疏云天与“少云”一致，而裂云天则与多云一致。（即此处术语均指同一概念）

435. The basic reason is the same for a sea breeze as for a monsoon--difference in heating between the land and sea.

形成海风的基本原因与形成季风的相同—--都是由海陆加热差异造成。

436. When the temperature of a body remains constant, it is receiving heat at the same rate as that at which it is radiating.

当物体保持恒温时，则它接收的热量和辐射出的热量的速率是相同的。

437. As in the case of temperature, an instrument for continuously recording pressure is also available.

象测定温度一样，也有一种连续记录气压的仪器。

438. As in the case of the motion of a body, running water has energy.

象物体运动一样，流水具有能量。

439. As is true of all glass, foam-glass resists heat, does not burn, nor is it rotted by water.

象所有玻璃一样，泡沫玻璃抗热，不可燃，也不为水所腐蚀。

440. As is often the case with orchards, cool-season crops sometimes need frost prevention by smudging.

象通常在果园防霜那样，寒季作物有时也需要烟熏防霜。
441. As with paging, this mapping requires two memory references per logical address, effectively slowing the computer system by a factor of two, unless something is done.

如同对源程序编码给予定位一样，这种变换需要每一逻辑地址有两个内存参考。如果没有什么措施，则会有效地使用计算机系统运算速度降低一半。

442. As with any complicated computational procedure, it is essential to have some means to test the accuracy of the results.

如同任何复杂的计算方法一样，重要的是采用一些平均值去检验结果的精度。

443. Oil can be transferred by pipe, as with water.

石油象水一样，可通过管道输送。

444. Fuel burning for the internal combustion engine takes place inside the machine itself, as with steam engines.

内燃机中燃料燃烧象在蒸汽机中一样，是在机器内部进行的。

445. Unlike dry ice pellets, the particles of silver iodide do not evaporate when released.

与干冰粒不同，碘化银微粒在投放时并不蒸发。

446. Unlike a low-pressure center, which may be composed of two or more air masses, an anticyclone usually consists of a single air mass.

与低压中心不同（它可能由两个或两个以上的气团所组成），反气旋通常只由单一的气团构成。

447. Unlike hydrogen, carbon dioxide is non-combustible.

与氢不一样，二氧化碳是不可燃的。

448. Different from physics, chemistry is concerned with the composition, properties and structure of substances and with the changes they undergo.

与物理学不同，化学是研究物质的成分、（化学）性质及其结构的，还研究这些物质在化学反应中的变化。

449. Wind measurement differs from that of temperature in that the magnitude and direction must be observed.

风的测定不同于气温测定在于：量值和方向都必须观测。

450. Mercury is adverse to other metals in state at ordinary temperature.

常温下水银与其它金属状态不同。

451. Silver has its own physical and chemical properties as distinct from gold.

与金不同，银有自己的物理和化学性质。

452. Stationary waves are distinct from the progressive ones wherein the waves move across the body of water—as if we had dropped a pebble in the dish of water.

驻波与前进波不同，在后一种情况下，水波向四周传去—就好象我们曾向盘中投下一块卵石时的情景一样。

453. The findings documented in Smith (1985) are found to be at variance with Black (1979).

人们发现在Smith (1985)文献中提出的结果与Black (1979)的不同。

454. Contrary to data available in the literature, minimum tillage in our investigation did not give exceptionally good results.

与文献中出现的资料相反，在我们的研究中对田地作最小量的耕翻并没有产生特别良好的结果。

455. Such suggestions are in sharp contrast to the traditional view of radiation in the tropics.

这些看法与热带辐射的传统观点形成强烈的不同（鲜明的对比）。

456. In contrast to the simple observations of the tides, tidal current studies are difficult and expensive.

与潮汐的简单观测不大相同，潮流研究的难度既大、费用也巨。

457. In contrast, winds blowing across the ocean toward the coast of a continent, as in the northwestern United State during winter months, have less effect on the coastal ocean.

相反，从（越过）海洋吹向大陆海岸的风（如美国西北部冬季的风），对沿岸海洋的影响较小。

458. In contrast, iron has a much higher melting point.

相反，铁有着高的多的熔点。

459. In the Southern Hemisphere an anticyclone circulates counterclockwise around the high-pressure center, as contrasted to the Northern Hemisphere.

在南半球，反气旋绕高压中心反时针方向吹，与北半球情况相反。

460. The Watt, a unit of power, is named after an English engineer, James Watt. Likewise, the Joule, a unit of energy and work, comes from a physical called James Joule.

瓦是功率单位，是根据英国工程师James Watt命名的。同样地，作为能量和功的单位的焦耳是根据物理学家James Joule而命名的。

461. By way of exception K is used instead of R.

作为例外，用K代替R。

462. The area the western end of the sound is an exception.

在靠近该海湾最西部的地方是个例外。

463. Except for the very longest waves most waves move through the deep ocean without experiencing any effects of the bottom.

除了最长的波，大部分在深海中传播时并不受到海底的任何影响。

464. In two years significant yield differences of summer crops were observed, except (for) maize which showed heavy damage caused by armyworm in the second year.

这两年中，除了在第二年玉米受粘虫严重侵害（不说）外，夏季作物的产量都有显著的差别。

465. This scheme works fine, except in the case where the user does not use the card reader driver.

除用户不使用卡片读入设备的情况外，这一方案都行之有效。

466. The Brightness of the radar image is related to the amount of reflecting water or ice in the clouds except near the radar site.

雷达图像的亮度与云中反射雷达波的水滴或冰晶的数量有关，而雷达场附近的图像亮度除外。

467. There is little difference between the two mean temperature fields, except that the slope of the isotherms appears to be somewhere greater in the right panel.

这两个平均温度场没有什么差异，除了右图等温线的坡度似乎略为大一些之外。

468. The air is a mixture of gases, and with the exception of water vapor, the relative proportions of the gases are quite constant to a height of more than 40 miles.

空气是气体的混合物。除水汽外，其它气体的相对比例直到40英里高度上都是相当稳定的。

469. Vapor in the air can absorb radiation over a certain range of wavelength with the exclusion that it contributes to from clouds and fog.

空气中水汽除了可以形成云雾之外，还可以吸收一定范围波长的辐射。

470. Experimental treatments were assigned to the plots at random, with the three exceptions mentioned below.

对随机选出的几块地（关于三个例外情况介绍于下）设计出几种试验处理方法。

471. These facilities would give another two years of service except in so far as they are overworked.

这些设备除非过度使用，否则还可再用两年。

472. In most instances weather prediction is the ultimate goal of atmospheric research, the exceptions being the rather rare attempts at controlling the weather.

在大多数情况下，天气预报是大气研究的最终目的，只有为数甚少的试图控制（调节、影响）天气的探索是例外。

473. In addition to energy of position or state, objects may possess energy due to their motions.

物体除了因位置或状态而具有的能量外，还可因运动具有能量。

474. Apart from what is outlined above, the following is worth our attention.

除了上面介绍的以外，下面的内容也是值得我们注意的。

475. Aside from the SI system, other systems such as CGS and MKS are in use in the study of physics.

在物理学研究中除了国际单位制外，其它如厘米?克?秒和米?千克?秒单位制也使用。

476. The only small-scale weather modification other than local frost prevention is that of clearing an airport or airstrip of fog.

除局地防霜外，唯一的小尺度人工影响天气作业是清除航空港或简易机场上的雾。

477. In other directions than the surface nothing limits the air’s expansion but its own weight.

在除地表外的任何方向上，除了空气本身重量外，是没有东西可以限制它的扩展的。

478. The planetary scale motions posses other time scales besides annual or seasonal.

行星尺度的运动除了年或季节的时间尺度以外，还具有别的时间尺度。

479. There are no other data than is available.

除现有资料外，别无其它资料。

480. We need know the number of computations which are to be joined, so that we can terminate all but the last one.

我们需要知道有多少个要连在一起进行的计算，这样我们就能在倒数第二个计算上终止计算。